Bava Kama 101

The Rainbow Connection

On our daf we have the seemingly strange question of if wool is dyed accidentally, or malevolently, are the wool and the dye two separate items or have they become one new item.  In either case, we ask how can we determine the value of the item(s) and who receives the payment for them. This leads us to the topic of dyes and dyeing – how was it done, what did it cost and other details.

Dyeing is an ancient craft and was often a family business, with the trade secrets passed down from father to son. Jews were dyers in the time of the Mishna and continued in the trade through the Middle Ages and even into pre-modern times. When Benjamin of Tudela writes in the 12^th century about visiting Jewish communities all over the world, he often talks about the Jewish dyers. He tells us there were dyers in Jerusalem and the Ramban, a century later, mentions the same fact.  Even today, you can meet people with the family name of Sabag, which means dyer צבעי .

What were the dyes made of? The most popular (and least expensive) dyes were made of plants.  The Mishnah in Shviit 7:1-3 lists some of the most important ones. There isאסטיס  or Isatis tinctorum, popularly known as woad. This is a plant that makes a blue color. 

(Wikipedia)

Then there isפואה  , rubia tinctorum or madder, which produces red. 

(Wikipedia)

Other plants, as well as peels and shells of fruit, made yellow, black and purple. The indigo plant, קלע אילן  , produced a deep blue that Hazal worried would be mistaken for techelet.

This brings us to animal-based dyes. The most well-known are those from the murex snail חילזון ,

(Wikipedia)

used for the blue techelet color, and the crimson worm, תולעת שני , used to make red. These animal dyes were very expensive and only used by royalty or very wealthy individuals. That is part of the idea of techelet – all Jewish males are considered sons of kings בני מלכים, and therefore need to wear a royal addition on their garment.

The names of two dyes are the names of two sons of Yissachar: תולע and פו(א)ה. Perhaps Yissachar was a dye maker.

The important fact about dyeing is that it is an expensive process. Two thousand kilo of Isatis leaves produce four kilo of dye. Twelve thousand murex snails make less than two kilo of purple dye. Dyeing vats found at the Biblical site of Tel Bet Mirsim have a rim so that when the cloth is taken out of the vat, all the leftover dye flows back inside, so as not to waste one drop.  

(Library of Congress)

The expense and the expertise needed to make colored wool help us to understand our cases in Bava Kama – of course the craftsman wants to be paid for his work! Of course the owner of the wool is upset that the color came out wrong or inferior!

Today archaeology is helping us understand even more about these precious colors. Just recently, Professor Naama Sukenik analyzed fabric remnants from the Wadi Murabaat caves in the Judean Desert. These are caves that Bar Kokhba rebels hid in almost two thousand years ago. According to her analysis, these fabrics were colored with dyes of techelet, argaman and tolaat shani, indicating that the cave housed VIP refugees. http://www.livescience.com/42265-ancient-israeli-fabrics-regal-dye.html

Another way these colors are coming alive today is through craftspeople who are reviving the ancient arts. Among them are Suri Provisor of Shilo http://kedmaancientcrafts.com/about-kedma-ancient-crafts/ and the crafts workshops of BeHefetz Kapehah in Ein Karem  http://melachot.co.il/. They are helping to renew our (colorful) days as of old!

(melachot.co.il)